Interpersonal Communication and Competency Indicators Assignment - 2

Interpersonal Communication and Competency Indicators - Assignment Example Although it was not expressed directly but going to places like this made other people see them as noblemen. Spiritual – The manner in which the brothers treated the abandoned children in the children’s homemade them able to express their values, which in this case is their love and affection to other people are going through a lot of pains in life, just as they were when they were young. Adaptability – Living on the street with the community of homeless people especially in the winter illustrates how easily they could adapt to different environments, as well as the other experiences they had in other places. Ethics – Respecting each other’s differences and forgiving them for the things that they did that hurt others, especially ourselves. In this case, when Jeff had forgiven his father indicates his communication competency. The people who live on the street have experienced a stigma because other people look at them in a different way. In fact, according to one of them, people do not see them as a human being. The woman on the street who have experienced this stigma told about people who may even help the dogs on the street find a home for the winter, but ignore them who just have the same need. The young African-American who also lived on the street experience such stigma as people thinks he would never be able to live out of the streets. However, he believes otherwise. AIDS victim is also among those who had experienced the same stigma for people treat them differently, worse feels neglected by the  society.  

Accuracy in Financial Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Accuracy in Financial Reporting - Essay Example Very recently, there were reports of how Saytam Computer Services engaged in unethical financial reporting, which eventually led to the breakdown in an acquisition the company was embarking on. These new values were recorded as present values, making the financial standards of the company appear lucrative when in essence, that was not the real situation. After the proposed buyers found out the situation, they withdrew from the deal. This was because there were intensive debts that the company was trying to hide through that inaccurate financial reporting.Should I be found in such as a situation where indebtedness makes my company unattractive for an acquisition, I would rather put in place medium and long term debt recovery solutions that will buy the company out of debt, rather than report false financial statements. This recovery solution would be taken in association with whichever companies are interested in the deal so that the most workable solutions can be worked out in a very transparent manner. As a manager would always ensure that accurate financial information is reflected in the organization’s financial statements by ensuring the use of third party and independent auditing service persons. Very often, companies over rely on internal auditors, who are easily influenced by accountants (Zimmerman, 2014). It is for this reason that Sherman & Young (2001) recommend the use of external auditors and other independent accounting services to verify an authenticity of financial statements.

Pakistan Case Study Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Pakistan Case Study Research Paper Essay The subordination of women is a prevalent issue in many middle-eastern cultures today. The absence of women in the labor force, community and decision making positions in these middle eastern societies is a detrimental drag on their economic and environmental welfare. Longstanding beliefs and traditions in the muslim culture are geared toward oppression of women and minimal civil rights. Such traditions have held these countries back from keeping up with progressive countries around the globe. Saima Muhammad, a young woman featured in Half the Sky lives in the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan, a country which epitomizes this previously mentioned gender disparity. Gender disparity was a formidable obstacle for Saima in her goal to pay off her husband’s three thousand dollar debt. When Saima would simply take the public bus to a local marketplace in order to sell goods for her family, she was scorned by her neighbors as a loose woman. Loose women contradicted these middle-eastern values, also making life much harder for them. Saima’s house was falling apart to the point where she was forced to send her daughter to her aunt’s house just for safety. Amidst these changes, Saima was constantly beaten by her husband out of pure frustration. Following the birth of Saima’s second girl, Saima’s mother-in-law suggested her husband find somebody else to marry because she wasn’t going to have a boy. These are just a few examples of the environment that Pakistani women, or women in the muslim culture are forced to live in. Widespread poverty in Pakistan was a driving factor in Saima’s financial inability to maintain her house. Such a debt left by her husband was more of a hardship in these impoverished countries than anywhere else. This is because the means of acquiring goods to start a business are scarce due to minimal economic activity. This economic activity being primarily dominated by men is also considerably unfavorable to women, this is to be examined later on. One obvious result of widespread poverty is a drought of capital. Lack of capital was one of the most detrimental characteristics of her impoverished country. With entrepreneurial spirits, Saima needed financing if she was going to support her family. the Kashf foundation made this possible by lending Saima small amounts of money at a time. Demand for saima’s bracelets were exceeding supply. Following her entrepreneurial successes, she was met with respect from friends and family. Saima’s story is unfortunately a rare one. With gender disparity existing in a structural and foundational form, most women of Pakistan and other middle-eastern countries don’t get the opportunity to work outside of their house. Exploitation of women in Pakistan often occurs in many different forms through human rights, education, labor and many other life necessities. Due to longstanding beliefs in this culture, women are responsible for strictly household maintenance. When women are working actual jobs within agriculture or other fields, they are often exploited. Female has always been accompanying male participation within the rural agriculture sector, strictly short-term work available at the time of implant and yield of crops. In Pakistan’s case, women in rural areas are primarily unpaid workers. Women now participate in the political sector but are restricted from any high authority positions in politics due to their low literacy rate which is a result of their subordination. (ESWP) The exploitation of women for free labor, in addition to the restriction of any access to high positions or the decision-making positions is an example of gender disparity in the labor force. The dominance of men in all decision-making positions includes the allocation of natural resources. Women have shown through their agricultural work that they are capable of caring for crops and the environment in a sustainable fashion but they aren’t given the opportunity. The methods of which the men of pakistan have decided are appropriate for their country include overgrazing. With a cow population that is higher than that of its people, resources are diminished through this exploitation. When there is drought along with over-exploitation, it results in poverty. Poverty in turn leads to overexploitation which worsens the problem of desertification, It is a vicious cycle. (Voice of America News) This environmental exploitation is arguably a result of the dominance of men throughout decision-making positions, and the lack of interactive opportunities given to women. Women’s roles in the awareness and education of environmental dangers throughout Pakistan are rare. This is partially a result of an enormous lack of women’s education investments. Increasing women in the workforce is a challenge as well as an opportunity for Pakistan to develop as a country. Clearly Pakistan’s low rate of female literacy is an obstacle to increasing female workforce participation. As education levels rise, labor force participation must also rise for Pakistan to capture fully its return on investment in girls education. (Coleman Pg.1) How can a Pakistani Woman teach her country about their environment, when their country doesn’t teach them how to read? Lack of women’s education throughout these cultures is detrimental to the future of their own economy and environment. With limited opportunities for women, it becomes difficult to enlighten your community about the environment when they won’t listen to you. Opportunities have recently arisen for women in Pakistan in terms of work. These opportunities are aimed to give women in Pakistan a voice, literally. The report is aimed at creating awareness among media managers and working journalists about the importance of women’s role in the media and radio stations in Pakistan essentially giving women a voice which could be seen as a big step for their country.(BBC) This recent opportunity for women could be the next step towards voicing their opinion about environmental matters and having a role in the decisions of society. The environmental health of Pakistan is among the worst in the entire world as a result of ignorant methods of waste disposal and poor allocation of resources. The exploitation of resources has led to deforestation, desertification, and drought. The careless disposal of waste resulted in air pollution, gas emissions, toxic fertilizers, and borderline poisonous water. Pakistans environment is in ruins. The mayor of Karachi, Pakistans largest city, recently announced the citys water and sewer system on the brink of collapse. Air pollution here as well as in other Pakistani cities is estimated to be 20 times higher than World Health Organization standards consider to be average. The countrys percentage of forested land is among the lowest in the world, and the rate at which it is disappearing among the highest. (Kambler Pg.1) The men in control of environmental operations, operate quite unfavorably towards women. The health of women and children are neglected in most development programs involving the widespread distribution of pesticides or fertilizers. Users are not alerted about the mandatory safety precautions, there is now enough evidence to show that peasant and other poor women share the experience of living in an ever degrading environment. (RCOWE) women naturally possess a more caring and conservative nature of work and it’s shown through their duty in agriculture. The Sindh Rural Women’s Uplift Group helped Pakistani women by allowing ten to fifteen on the farm at a time, under the guidance of female farm supervisors. Paying them the same wages as men and giving them the same responsibilities as men, there was an opportunity for comparison. The women’s agricultural output was greater than that of men’s, women also had an advantage in Mowing, Grasses for mulch, collecting farm leaves etc. Essentially, the policy instrument of which is being implemented in this situation can be seen as charity or gender equality. Charity is what the Sindh Rural Women’s Uplift Group is doing by giving these women an opportunity to be involved . Gender Equality is shown in the allocation of resources towards women for once instead of being put under the control of Pakistani men. The policy instrument of gender equality could be implemented towards economic development whether they sound related or not. In pakistan’s case, gender equality would result in an efficient allocation of resources through the implementation of females in authoritative environmental positions. The allocation of resources is better left in the hands of women for the good of the economy. Gender equity can be a determinant of just distribution of resources and income by allowing the female population of pakistan to rise to autonomy level, for once in history evenly distributing resources and income among women and men. An ecologically sustainable scale of the economy would come in time with the progression of women’s authoritative roles in not only agricultural or environmentally based occupancies, but half of Pakistan’s economy. Works Cited Council on Foreign Relations. (n.d.). Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from http://www.cfr.org/asia/gender-disparities-economic-growth-islamization-pakistan/p7217 Full Text Electronic Journal List. (2012, November 11). Full Text Electronic Journal List. Retrieved from http://db6fj4sr6x.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004 Kambler, M. (2001, November 27). Pakistans Environmental Nightmare. Page 1. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://www.villagevoice.com/2001-11-27/news/pakistan-s-environmental-nightmare/ M. (2012). Employment situation of women in Pakistan. ProQuest. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/821115923 anhwar, F. (1998, June 15). WOMEN AND ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTAN. World Conference on Horticultural Research. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://www.agrsci.unibo.it/wchr/wc5/panhwar.html 2 The regional conference on women and environment. (n.d.). Embracing the Earth. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0173E/x0173e03.htm V. (2006, July 31). Pakistan Combats Growing Environmental Menace. ProQuest. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/190519623

Ralph Ellisons Protests Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Ralph Ellison's Protests    It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of the world that looks on in amused contempt and pity - W.E.B. DuBois, 1903 When discussing a text that is placed firmly into an accepted category of ethnicity, it seems reasonable to look for allegories, tropes, and symbols that hearken back to the ancestral texts of that group's literary canon. Like a golden cord that catches the eye as it pokes up between the warp and woof of words, tradition development can be traced from the earliest texts, causing a student to point to the page and say, "The trope of the mask!" whereupon notes are scribbled in the margin and the shape of the text, how it fits into the big picture of categorization, begins to take form. African-American literature has a rich tradition that exemplifies this concept: From Equiano and Harriot Jacobs' slave narratives to Nella Larsen and James Wheldon Johnson's "passing;" from Phyllis Wheatley and Countee Cullen's solemn classical poetic forms to the eloquent anger of the 1960s Black Arts movement, the universal thread of discord and displacement influence the overall design of African-American literature. Then there is Invisible Man. One of the most celebrated texts in African-American literature, Invisible Man has been interpreted as relying heavily on African-American folk tradition for its deep, rich resonance. But in essays about literature and the folly of literary critics, Ellison defends Invisible Man against simple categorization. It is more than a Negro coming-of-age tale, more than a Negro picaresque psychological travelogue, and m... ...allow anyone to gloss over the distinction. Works Cited Callahan, John F., intro. "Reflections out of season on race, identity and art. American Culture is of a Whole: from the Letters of Ralph Ellison." "The New Republic." 1 March 1999. DuBois, W.E.B. "The Souls of Black Folks." Norton Anthology of African American Literature. Ed. Henry Gates, Jr. New York: Norton. 1997. 514. Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. 1947. New York: Vintage. 1995. ---. Shadow and Act. 1953. "Slip the Joke, Change the Yolk." "Twentieth-Century Fiction and the Black Mask of Humanity." "The World and the Jug." New York: Vintage. 1964. Howe, Irving. "Black Boys and Native Sons." A World More Attractive: A View of Modern Literature and Politics. New York: Horizon. 1963. Hyman, Stanley Edgar. The Promised End: Essays and Reviews 1942-1962. Cleveland: World. 1963.

Management and Supply Function Essay

It should be emphasised from the outset that purchasing and supply management is executed as an integrated part of the firm’s broader management (as part of the logistics management or supply chain management approach) *Purchasing and supply PLANNING is part of the firm’s general planning, mainly because the continuous supply of raw materials components & services is of a strategic importance to the enterprise. The supply market is just as important for the firm’s survival continued profitability as the sales market is the firms own product. Firm’s general planning must be integrated. *The ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE of the purchasing and supply function should be aimed mainly @ linking into the firm’s overall structure in the most effective way. The purchasing and supply function primarily renders a service to the enterprise. *Purchasing and supply COORDINATION should be aimed @ harmonising and aligning the activities of the purchasing and supply function with those of the other business functions. When a firm vests the authority for the purchasing and supply function in 1 person or team. Advantages: ;gt;Standardisation of materials and products is possible because purchases are made at one point ;gt;Purchasing and supply staff are afforded the opportunity to become experts ;gt;Control over all aspects of the purchasing and supply function is improved ;gt;Administrative costs are reduced by eliminating duplication DECENTRALISED PURCHASING ; SUPPLY ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE Purchasing by different departments, branches or plants, while each of them enjoys an important measure of autonomy of decision making regarding the purchasing and supply function. Advantages: ;gt;Better liaision can be effected between decentralised purchasing and supply functions and the user functions of individual plants served by the purchasing and supply function ;gt;The needs users can be better satisfied because the purchasing and supply function knows them better ;gt;Different plants maintain their autonomy. Plant managers are often fully responsible  for the profitability of individual plants. According to the combined approach, common requirements of the different plants such as equipment and certain categories of raw materials, are purchased centrally head of office. The plants’ purchasing and supply functions are assisted by corporate   purchasing and supply in developing policies, procedures, and control measures, recruiting and training staff, auditing the   purchasing and supply performance of the plants. The main coordinating mechanisms of purchasing and supply management with other functions in the organisation, and with suppliers and customers, are definitely computer systems such as electronic data interchange(EDI), materials planning (MRPII) and distribution requirements planning (DRP). TWO TYPES OF COORDINATION Between purchasing and supply and other functional areas Purchasing coordination is lateral acts in an advisory/support method to the other functions in the enterprise. Between p and s and the supplier system Two dimensions to the coordination between p and s function and the supplier system. Firstly there is coordination with the whole supplier system and secondly with the individual suppliers. The flow of products and services from the supplier has to be effective, the p and s function has to ensure that coordination between them and the supplier ensures this occurs. This can be achieved by means of supplier alliances, integrated systems and inter-organisational teams. The supplier must become an extension of the buying enterprise. The chief coordinating mechanisms available to p and s management are open communication, strategic alliances, integrated systems, the conscious motivation of suppliers and standardisation of specifications, purchasing documents and purchasing procedures. CONTROL : PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PURCHASING AND SUPPLYFUNCTION Control may be defined as a systematic attempt to reach objectives or set standards that accord with the enterprise’s goal, to observe actual perform- ance and compare it with the set standards, and to take corrective steps with a view to achieving the mission and goals of the enterprise. Objectives and basic principles of performance evaluation P and activities are complex, needs to have a control system. Feedback   on actual performance(measured against quantitative norms). This ensures that the p and s strategy is implemented at the various levels in the company. With this the p and s manager can monitor and improve the functions actual performance. Control ensures that all the other functions with p and s work optimally.

Zoot Suit Riots Essay - 1406 Words

Draped Suits versus Pressed Uniforms Race is an ongoing discussion that has been a prominent topic since the beginning of the United States of America. It is difficult to understand the issues that rise from a factor that people cannot control like their color of their skin or the family ties with religion. Being open and understanding can be difficult if one is not willing to learn and be open towards new ideas that are different. Some of these issues were raised during the 1940’s when the world was at the start of a war. People were uncertain of their future and held themselves apart from the rest of their community because they were scared for the possibilities of something happening to their way of living. The Sleepy Lagoon Trial†¦show more content†¦These kids were found fighting near the Sleeping Lagoon ,which was a popular hangout spot since Mexicans were not allowed in public pools, because these kids were seen fighting the Los Angeles Police Department believ ed that these kids killed Jose Diaz. The police placed their efforts on arresting those kids that were affiliated with the fights that happened the night before Diaz was murdered thus dwindling down to 22 kids from the 38th Street gang being prosecuted for the death of Jose Diaz(Baeder) . This eventually led to court case The People v. Zammora which was the biased trial with no evidence and the misrepresentation of defendants within the court of law (Pagan 80). This trial resulted to the false accusations of 17 innocent kids that were of Mexican descent to got to jail for murder. All of these boys went through the appeal process because of the lack of evidence put against them, speculation, and not being able to communicate with defense attorneys. They went through an unfair trial based on the color of their skin and the social stigmas of that time period that helped further the negative looks of Mexicans during the trial. This was important to bring up because it clearly exemplifi ed the racist views of the police and the uncertainty of the people and their understanding of different culture ofShow MoreRelatedZoot Suit Riots Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesBased on the infamous 1942 Sleepy Lagoon murder mystery and the resulting Zoot Suit Riots in Los Angeles , playwright Luis Valdez weaves fact and fiction to depict the fate of 22 young Mexican Americans brought to trial for a murder they did not commit. 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Qué migrantes deben comprar seguro por Obamacare

Actualmente, si su empleador no le brinda seguro mà ©dico ni tampoco està ¡ protegido por programas como Medicaid o Medicare puede que està © obligado a comprarse un seguro mà ©dico en cumplimiento de la ley que se conoce como Obamacare y, si no lo hace, deberà ¡ pagar una multa. Obamacare, que tambià ©n se conoce como ACA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s o incluso como PPACA, tiene normas complejas. Y este artà ­culo aspira a explicar claramente quià ©n està ¡ obligado a tener seguro mà ©dico con especial mencià ³n a las diversas situaciones migratorias e, incluso, tipos de visa. Tambià ©n cuà ¡les son las excepciones a esta obligacià ³n, cuà ¡l es el monto de la multa si no se cumple con la ley y quià ©nes pueden comprar seguro a travà ©s del mercado que que se conoce como Marketplace y, es su caso, obtener subsidios para el pago. En este artà ­culo se explica quià ©nes NO està ¡n obligados a comprar un seguro mà ©dico. Y como todos los demà ¡s no incluidos, sà ­ està ¡n obligados a adquirirlo, tambià ©n se explica quià ©n puede tener ayuda econà ³mica para comprarlo y cuà ¡l es la multa por no tener seguro. Quià ©nes no està ¡n obligados a tener seguro mà ©dico   La forma mà ¡s sencilla de saber si se està ¡ obligado a tener seguro mà ©dico en Estados Unidos es determinar que no se està ¡ en uno de los grupos que pemiten no tenerlo. Y no està ¡n requeridos por ley los siguientes: Ciudadanos y residentes permanentes legales en una de las siguientes situaciones especiales No està ¡n obligadas aquellas personas con ingresos tan bajos que no tienen que llenar las planillas de impuestos (tax returns)Tampoco aquellas que no pueden pagarlo porque el costo del premium del seguro mà ¡s barato supera en un ocho por ciento los ingresos del hogar.Tampoco se tiene obligacià ³n si el tiempo sin seguro no excede de tres meses en el conjunto de un aà ±o.  Ni los ciudadanos que residen habitualmente en el extranjero o pasan al menos 330 dà ­as de un total de 12 meses en otro paà ­s. Estos ciudadanos pueden comprar seguros privados de corta duracià ³n cuando se encuentran en Estados Unidos si asà ­ lo desean.Tampoco està ¡n obligados las personas que se encuentran en prisià ³n ni aquellas a las que su religià ³n se lo prohibe.Asimismo,  tampoco aplica a los nativos americanos que pueden obtener cobertura mà ©dica a travà ©s Servicio Mà ©dico Indio o los religiosos cubiertos por Health Care Sharing Ministry.Tampoco està ¡n obligadas las personas con pocos ingresos que podrà ­an ser elegibles para Medicaid segà ºn las reglas establecidas por Obamacare, pero que viven en un estado que ha elegido no extender este beneficio.Por à ºltimo, ciertas situaciones transitorias de dureza pueden servir para calificar para no tener que comprar un seguro mà ©dico, como por ejemplo: declaracià ³n de bancarrota, haber sufrido un desastre natural como huracà ¡n o tornado, ser và ­ctima de violencia domà ©stica, estar en una situacià ³n de desamparo y no tener vivienda o, incluso, la muerte de un miembro de la familia.   Todos los ciudadanos y residentes que no està ¡n en ninguna de esas categorà ­as citadas anteriormente deben estar cubiertos por un seguro mà ©dico. Obamacare y carga pà ºblica y nuevo requisito de seguro para visa inmigrante La nueva directriz sobre carga pà ºblica se està ¡ aplicando desde el 15 de octubre de 2019 en embajadas y consulados y alguno de sus factores tiene en consideracià ³n la situacià ³n sanitaria del solicitante. Por otro lado, a partir del 3 de noviembre de 2019, las visas de inmigrante para la residencia pueden ser negadas si el solicitante no puede probar que tendrà ¡ seguro mà ©dico en los 30 dà ­as siguientes al ingreso a EE.UU, Situacià ³n de migrantes indocumentados y Obamacare Segà ºn la ley, las personas sin estatus legal en los Estados Unidos -los migrantes indocumentados- no està ¡n obligadas a comprar un seguro mà ©dico. Ni tampoco tienen que pagar una multa por no tenerlo. Es decir, no les aplica la ley para nada, ni para lo bueno ni para lo malo.    A la hora de aplicar para comprar seguro a travà ©s de Obamacare se verifica el estatus legal del solicitante, siendo necesarios al menos 2 I.D. para acreditar ciudadanà ­a de Estados Unidos o residencia permanente legal. El sistema SAVE es una base de datos federal contra la que se verifican todos los I.D. que se presenten. Especial mencià ³n hay que hacer a los muchachos que aplicaron por la medida que se conoce como Accià ³n Diferida (DACA) y obtuvieron la aprobacià ³n. Se les considera que no està ¡n legalmente presentes en los Estados Unidos y, como consecuencia, no està ¡n obligados a comprar un seguro mà ©dico. Tampoco pueden beneficiarse de ninguna ayuda si deciden comprarlo. Es importante resaltar que todos los indocumentados -con DACA o sin ella- pueden comprar su propio seguro mà ©dico privadamente. Tambià ©n tienen las puertas abiertas en algunas instituciones que atienden sin fin de lucro y en los Centros de Salud Comunitarios y en los Centros de Salud Federalmente Calificados. Tambià ©n hay programas limitados como WIC, para embarazadas, lactantes, bebà ©s e infantes. Ademà ¡s, algunos estados como California o Nueva York, permiten que tengan acceso a travà ©s de sus sistemas estatales a protecciones limitadas  en asuntos de salud o incluso a travà ©s de programas que aplican en condados concretos. Ademà ¡s, California està ¡ viendo cà ³mo los indocumentados podrà ­an llegar  a beneficiarse de Obamacare, pero por ahora no pueden. Los indocumentados y los muchachos con DACA deben tener mucho cuidado con fiscalistas inescrupulosos que aseguran que tienen que pagar una multa por no tener seguro mà ©dico y se quedan con ese dinero. Porque, como ya se dijo mà ¡s arriba, ni tienen obligacià ³n de comprar seguro ni tienen que pagar si no lo tienen. Turistas en Estados Unidos y Obamacare Los extranjeros que se encuentran en los Estados Unidos por turismo no està ¡n obligados a tener seguro mà ©dico. Sin embargo, es altamente recomendable que adquieran uno antes de viajar por las cifras astronà ³micas que puede alcanzar una simple consulta mà ©dica o una hospitalizacià ³n para un procedimiento sencillo debido a una urgencia. Ademà ¡s, llamar la atencià ³n sobre las posibles consecuencias negativas de tener un bebà © en Estados Unidos con estatus de turista si no se paga completamente la factura de la hospitalizacià ³n. Por à ºltimo, las personas extranjeras residentes en otros paà ­ses que desean recibir tratamiento sanitario en Estados Unidos deben pagar por el mismo o mostrar un seguro mà ©dico que cubra por los gastos. Recordar que el riesgo de convertirse en una carga pà ºblica es una de las muchas causas de negacià ³n y/o cancelacià ³n de la visa americana. Visas de estudiantes y de intercambio y seguro mà ©dico Para los efectos de Obamacare, los estudiantes y participantes en programas de intercambio no son consideradas residentes legales temporales. Lo siguiente afecta a los extranjeros presentes en Estados Unidos con visas F, M, J, Q y sus dependientes.   Los estudiantes (F, M, Q) està ¡n exentos de tener seguro mà ©dico durante los primeros cinco aà ±os de su estadà ­a en Estados Unidos. A partir de esa fecha deberà ¡n iniciar trà ¡mites para que los consideren no residentes y probar fuertes lazos con su paà ­s para evitar tener la obligacià ³n de comprar seguro mà ©dico. Los titulares de visas J de intercambio, tienen una exencià ³n durante los dos primeros aà ±os de su estancia.   Obviamente, el sentido comà ºn indica que lo prudente es tener un seguro mà ©dico. Se puede comprar privadamente y, ademà ¡s en el caso de los estudiantes, en muchas ocasiones se puede adquirir a travà ©s de las propias universidades. En total se estima que un total de 24 millones de personas que residen habitualmente en los Estados Unidos no tienen la obligacià ³n de tener seguro mà ©dico. Casos especiales En primer lugar, las personas menores de 26 aà ±os pueden estar incluidas en el seguro mà ©dico de cualquiera de sus padres. En segundo lugar a las personas con visas H-1 para profesionales y modelos  y L-1 de transfer entre empresas  se  les considera a estos efectos como residentes temporales y deben tener cobertura mà ©dica. Si trabajan en un lugar con mà ¡s de 50 empleados lo obtendrà ¡n por ley a travà ©s de la empresa pero si es mà ¡s pequeà ±a dependerà ¡ de la polà ­tica de la empresa. Si à ©sta no lo da, pueden obtenerlo a travà ©s del marketplace o comprar uno directamente con una aseguradora para sà ­ y sus dependientes (H-4).  ¿Cà ³mo se hace para obtener un seguro mà ©dico en Estados Unidos? Si no se està ¡ en ninguna de las categorà ­as mencionadas anteriormente y que dan derecho a estar exentos de la obligacià ³n de tener un seguro mà ©dico entonces hay que conseguir uno. Lo cierto es que en Estados Unidos la gran mayorà ­a de personas con esta obligacià ³n - tres de cada cinco- lo obtienen a travà ©s de las empresas para las que trabajan.  Y otro 12 por ciento resuelve la situacià ³n a travà ©s de programas pà ºblicos como Medicaid, Medicare, CHIP, el Sistema de Veteranos, u otros como COBRA (desempleados que cumplen ciertos requisitos) o TRICARE (militares). Para el resto caben dos alternativas para cumplir con la ley. Primero, contratar un seguro privado por su cuenta o, segundo, acudir a lo que se conoce como el Health Insurance Marketplace.  ¿Quà © es el Marketplace para la compra de seguro mà ©dico? El Marketplace un mercado en internet donde se da la opcià ³n de comparar y comprar el seguro mà ©dico que mà ¡s se ajuste a las necesidades del comprador. Tambià ©n se conoce en inglà ©s con el nombre de exchanges. Los seguros varà ­an enormemente segà ºn lo que se paga, las coberturas que se acuerdan, la aseguradora, el estado en el que se reside, si se elige un PPO o un HMO, etc.  ¿Quià ©nes pueden comprar seguro mà ©dico en el marketplace? Todas las personas en una de las siguientes categorà ­as que no tienen seguro mà ©dico porque no se lo da la empresa, ni està ¡n cubiertos por asistencias pà ºblicas como Medicare, CHIP o Medicaid ni han contratado uno directamente con una aseguradora. El seguro en el marketplace se puede comprar para sà ­ mismo y para las personas dependientes, como por ejemplo los hijos menores de 26 aà ±os. Ciudadanos o nacionales de los Estados Unidos. No importa el caminio por el cuà ¡l se adquirià ³ la ciudadanà ­a.Todos los  extranjeros presentes en Estados Unidos que califiquen, esto es:   Residentes permanentes legales.Extranjeros en el proceso de ajuste de estatusAsilados y refugiados. Los primeros sà ³lo si ya tienen aprobado el permiso de trabajo (EAD) o son menores de 14 aà ±os y llevan de espera en su aplicacià ³n mà ¡s de 180 dà ­as.Cubanos y haitianos que ingresaron al paà ­s por reglas especà ­ficas que aplican sà ³lo a ellos. Y cualquier persona a la que se le haya concedido un parole en una frontera (puerto, aeropuerto o paso terrestre).Las personas a las que se le concedià ³ con anterioridad a 1980 un ingreso condicional.Las personas buscando legalizacià ³n en base a maltrato y sus cà ³nyuges, hijos, padres o madres.Las và ­ctimas de trà ¡fico humano, sus cà ³nyuges, hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os, padres, madres y hermanos.Los migrantes que gozan de un TPS.Los extranjeros con visas temporeras de trabajo, como por ejemplo las H-1B, las H-2A y las H-2B y otros comprendidos dentro de la clasificacià ³n de residentes legales temporales, co mo por ejemplo, los periodistas con visa I, los religiosos con una R, los prometidos (novios) de ciudadanos americanos con una K-1, los inversores (EB-5, E-2), oficiales de gobiernos extranjeros, los estudiantes, trabajadores de la OTAN, personas con visas de intercambio J-1 o trabajadores en situacià ³n de transfer dentro de sus empresas (L-1). Por regla general, tambià ©n se incluye a sus cà ³nyuges e hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os.  Los extranjeros a los que se les ha concedido una suspensià ³n de la deportacià ³n (withholding of deportation/removal) o una suspensià ³n administrativa de la expulsià ³n (staying removal)Los muchachos a los que se les ha concedido el Estatus de Inmigrante Especial Juvenil.Las personas favorecidas por una orden presidencial que pospone su salida obligatoria de los Estados Unidos, lo que se conoce como DED o Deferred Enforced Departure y que en la actualidad sà ³lo aplica a ciudadanos de Liberia.Los residentes de la Samoa AmericanaLos ciudadanos de Micronesia, las islas Marshall o PalauLos miembros de una tribu nativa reconocida federalmente  Los nativos americanos (first nations) nacidos en Canadà ¡ y que viven en los Estados Unidos. En el caso de familias mixtas con miembros legales y otros indocumentados, se puede aplicar para las personas que tienen estatus. No se preguntarà ¡ por las circunstancias migratorias del resto. Y, si califican, los miembros legales pueden beneficiarse de subsidios.  ¿Quià ©n tiene derecho a descuentos de seguro mà ©dico a travà ©s del Marketplace? Muchas de las personas autorizadas a comprar seguro mà ©dico a travà ©s de este sistema podrà ­an tener derecho a dos clases de subsidios: Fiscales (tax subsidies), para los que ingresan menos del 400 por ciento de lo que està ¡ establecido como là ­nea de la pobreza. Esto viene a ser aproximadamente $46,000 para las personas que viven ellas solas y mà ¡s para las familias.De pago (cost-sharing), para ayudar a pagar por copagos, deducibles, primas, etc y que beneficia a las personas que ingresan en un aà ±o menos del 250 por ciento de lo que està ¡ establecido como umbral o linea de la pobreza.  ¿Cuà ¡ndo se puede comprar en el Marketplace? Las pequeà ±as empresas tienen el marketplace abierto sin là ­mite de fechas para incorporar a trabajadores. Ademà ¡s, si se ha cambiado recientemente de estatus migratorio se podrà ­a calificar para un tiempo especial para enrolarse.  ¿Cuà ¡l es el castigo por no tener seguro mà ©dico cuando se tiene obligacià ³n de tenerlo? En el 2017  el importe a pagar en concepto de multa serà ¡ la cantidad mà ¡s grande de entre estas dos: $695 dà ³lares por persona, cantidad que se ajustarà ¡ segà ºn la inflacià ³n,  con un tope mà ¡ximo de tres por familia, si bien el importe a pagar por un nià ±o menor de 18 aà ±os es de $347.50.el 2.5 de los ingresos de la renta imponible.  ¿Cà ³mo cobra el gobierno esa multa? Automà ¡ticamente en cuando se hace el cà ¡lculo de lo que toca a pagar (o a regresar) al llenar las planillas de los impuestos federales. Para cobrar el multa en su totalidad el gobierno puede incluso no regresar lo que toque a devolver por varios aà ±os, hasta que la deuda se paga completamente. Para mayor informacià ³n sobre Obamacare Se puede marcar al telà ©fono gratuito 1-800-318-2596 o consultar la pà ¡gina oficial de Cuidado de Salud del gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal