Douglasian Cultural Model in Indian Context Essay Example for Free

Douglasian Cultural Model in Indian Context EssayIntroductionTodays world is being dominated by daily innovations in technology and increasing globalization which helps organizations to spread and to operate globally in a successful way. Every organisation operating at a global level is trying to improve their financial profits. The success of such organizations greatly depends on their workforce and their decision-making capabilities. Many times the honorableity of such decisions induce been questi 1d because of the profit driven strategies of these organizations.As Nobel Prize winner economist Milton Friedman quotes, An executives responsibility generally will be to make as a great deal m unmatchabley as possible while conforming to their basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in respectable custom. The decision-making process and because ethicality of the decisions in such organisations is greatly regularised by the culture of the workf orce. Bartels (1967) was one of the first to note the importance of the role of culture in ethical decision-making. There be different studies which discuss the diversity of ethical decision-making based on different perspective for example, Vitell, Nwachukwu and Barnes, 1993 discuss the effect of culture on ethical decision-making with the help of Hofsteds typology while Patel and Schaefer, 2009 discuss the same with the help of Douglasian Cultural Theory (CT) perspective in the Indian mise en scene.SummaryPatel and Schaefers phrase discusses the impact of culture on ethical decision-making from a Douglasian Cultural Theory (CT) perspective. It explains the dynamic ethical behaviour of the individual with four solidarities of CT. The Article also discusses the business ethics in the Indian context. Authors argue that applying static conception of culture to the process of ethical decision-making in business results in several problems. The Authors propose CT as an alternative place to these static conceptions to avoid these problems. The Article says that every social system is ethically plural because of the presence of all four solidarities together. An Individual from different solidarities whitethorn fill a different perception of an issues clean intensity which may lead to different levels of moral awareness and hence to different moral judgements. The Article explores the dynamicity and diversity of ethical decision-making in business using the CT framework within the Indian context with examples of Amul, SEWA, Tata Steel, ONGC and Reliance.StrengthsThis article offers an alternative approach of CT stating the impact of culture on ethical decision-making process in business. Authors argue that applying the static conception of culture to the business ethics results in different problems alike national stereotyping, focus on only national cultural aspect ignoring the other aspects and broad generalisation of culture at national level. This artic le potently supports the scholars who challenge the essentialist culture approach like Hofstedian framework. Singh (1990) and Bosland (1985a) have shown that it is possible to have different scores on the four Hofstedian dimensions within the same country. Hence there is possibility of difference in ethical behaviour within the same country. The Authors also talk about the same ethical dynamicity in behaviour.The article powerfully illustrates the diversity in business ethics within Indian context using CT model. The Article talks about the different cultural patterns active in same corporation at same time. This article supports the argument by Sathe (1985) which says that although, the term corporate culture is used as if organisations have a monolithic culture, most companies have more than one set of beliefs influencing the behaviour of employees.The Article also supports the Thompsons (1997 a-c) surmise who argues that same individual could be a member of different solidari ties in different contexts which explains the different ethical behaviour of an individual at a different social context. Also the article studies the ethical practices of different types of companies and business entities to understand the business ethics beyond large private corporations with respect to all the four solidarities of CT. The article debates about the dynamicity of ethical decision-making by citing the examples of all the solidarities existing in different Indian corporations. Also it talks over about the historical and philosophical background for the adoption of different ethical strategies by different corporations.WeaknessesThe article explains the process of ethical decision-making in business from a Douglasian Cultural Theory perspective only. The article does not identify umpteen other factors beyond culture that may account for differences in work behaviour across nations. Scholars like Parboteeah and Cullen (2003) have suggested the need to include noncultu ral factors to isolate the influence of culture on ethical behaviour. Also many scholars have talked about the other personal characteristics like education, age, grammatical gender and religion that affect the ethical decision-making precisely they have not put any light on this part in the article. According to Kracher, Chatterjee and Lundquist, education plays an important and positive role in ones ethical decision-making. Also Singhapakdi et al. JBE (1996) talk about the relationship between ethical sensitivity and age being significantly positive.Ameen, et al., (1996) suggests that ethical judgments vary accord to gender, where females have historically been more ethical compared to males. According to Singhapakdi et al JBE (2000), there is a positive relationship between religion and perception of an ethical problem. The article has not mentioned all these perspectives while considering the process of ethical decision-making. Patel and Schaefer explained the ethical behaviou r in Indian business context with the help of CT and argue that as CT is not limited in its scope of application, what is true for one country should also be true for other countries. This contradicts the findings of the investigateers like Tsui which states The major contexts that may separate one nation from another include the physical, historical, political, economic, social, and cultural. This may cause an individual from another country to behave differently in the same context compare to individual in India.My standpointThe research article applies CT model to explain the ethical decision-making process in business within Indian context which allows us to look beyond static and limited conception of national culture. The authors have explained the ethical behaviours using examples of different Indian business entities. Since India is one of the largest growing economies, this research paper will be useful in providing the insights of the ethical practices in India. In my opi nion, the authors have raised valid questions about the studies that middleman static conceptions of the culture to the business ethics. The authors have successfully associated dynamicity in ethical behaviours with the different cultural patterns as per CT which proves the existence of all the four solidarities in every social system. Paper also gives us insights about how all the solidarities co-exist and try to dominate distributively other. The Authors explain it in an Indian context citing examples for each solidarity.Moreover, authors have highlighted the important fact that managers operating under different cultural patterns may perceive and attend to information about moral issues differently which results in different ethical behaviours. The article considered the very important factors of history and politics that may have influenced while discussing dynamicity of ethical behaviours within Indian context. I am of the opinion that the Douglasian cultural theory is not su fficient to judge the ethical behaviour in business. There are many other factors like education, age, gender and religion which hold a significant role in the decision-making process. The authors have failed to consider these factors. I believe the consideration of the above mentioned factors would have made this research work more reliable. Also I disagree with the authors argument of what is true for India should also be true for other countries since every country has a different political, economical, cultural and physical background.ConclusionTaran Patel and Anja Schaefer have criticized the static and limited conception of culture to ethical decision-making in business. They have provided the alternative approach of Douglasian cultural theory to explain the dynamicity and diversity in ethical behaviours with the help of examples from business entities in India. The Authors advocate that the managers should be sensitive to the beliefs of all the four solidarities to be more ef fective. The Authors also agree that more empirical and theoretical work is needed to strengthen the relationship between the cultural patterns and business ethics.ReferencesBartels, R. 1967, A Model for Ethics in Marketing, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Jan., 1967), pp. 20-26Vitell S, Nwachukwu S and Barnes J. 1993, The Effects of Culture on Ethical Decision-Making An Application of Hofstedes Typology, Journal of Business Ethics,Vol. 12, No. 10 (Oct., 1993), pp. 753-760Hofstede, G. 1980. (Revised in 1984). Cultures Consequences internationalistic Differences in Work-related Values. Sage Publications.Singh, J. 1990. Managing Culture and Work-related Values in India. Organization Studies, 11(1) 75-101Bosland, N. 1985a.An evaluation of Replication Studies using the Values Survey Module.Institute for research on Intercultural Cooperation, Rijks-universiteit Limburg Working Paper 85-2, MaastrichtSathe, V. (1985), Culture and Related Corporate Realities, Irwin, Homewood, IL.T hompson, M. 1997a, Rewriting the Precepts of PolicyAnalysis, in M. Thompson and R. J. Ellis (eds.),Culture Matters Essays in Honour of Aaron Wildavsky(Westview Press, Boulder, CO).Thompson, M. 1997b, Cultural Theory and TechnologyAssessment, in F. Fischer and M. Hajer (eds.),Living with Nature environmental Discourse and Cultural Politics (Oxford University Press, Oxford).Thompson, M. 1997c, Cultural Theory and IntegratedAssessment,EnvironmentalModelling and Assessment 2,139150.Kracher, B., A. Chatterjee and A. R. Lundquist 2002, Factors Related to the Cognitive Moral Development of Business Students and Business Professionals in India and the joined States Nationality, Education, Sex and sexual activity, Journal of Business Ethics 35(4), 255268Parboteeah, K. P., Cullen, J. B. 2003. Social institutions and work centrality Explorations beyond national culture. Organization Science, 14(2) 137-148.Patel, T. 2005, Using Dynamic Cultural Theories to explain the Viability of Internation al Strategic Alliances A Focus on Indo-French Alliances. PhD Thesis, Open University. Milton Keynes, UK.Singhapakdi, A., S. J. Vitell and K. L Kraft 1996, Moral Intensity and Ethical Decision-Making of Marketing Professionals, Journal of Business Research 36, 245255.Ameen, E., Guffey, D. and J. McMillan. 1996. Gender Differences in Determining the Ethical Sensitivity of Future Accounting Professionals. Journal of Business Ethics 15 591-597.Singhapakdi, Anusorn, Janet K. Marta, Kumar C. Rallapalli, and C.P. Rao (2000), Toward an Understanding of Religiousness and Marketing Ethics An a posteriori Study, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 4, 305-319.

The Function Enorbarbus Essay Example for Free

The Function Enorbarbus EssayEnorbarbus is Antonys lieutenant and friend and Shakespeare continually develops Enorbarbus character, role and functions within the plot throughout the introductory two acts. This cyni pealy acclaimed character is iodine of the most remarkable in the cope with and contributes to the drama in many ways. From the very first time the audience sees Enorbarbus we can sense that one of his purposes to the play is that he is very sympathetic and supportive to his friend Antony. In Act I Scene 2 when Antony confesses he wished he had never met CleopatraI essential from this enchanting queen break off. Instead of going along with what he said Enorbarbus suggests that if that did happen then Antony would puddle missed wonderful piece of work. Enorbarbus shows other service to the play, which is faithfulness, and comradeship that helps to show the kindness of his friend in the course of this action. Enorbarbus obviously does not agree with his fellow Rom an comrades, Demetrius and Philo in the opening scene, where they call Cleopatra a gypsy.When Antony says Cleopatra is cunning past mans thought it is Enorbarbus that comes in and objects mentioning Her passions are made of nothing but the finest part of pure love. In this discussion and the others in the first two acts Enorbarbus plays the role of a part Antonys ordinary self, like a reflection. Enorbarbus reaction to the death of Fulvia, Antonys wife, is nonchalant and light-hearted with a touch of humour. He speaks in pros and knowingly suggests that Antony should move on instantly and find a new lady Your old smock brings forth a new petticoat.His witticism, another function, shows the audience that enigmatical down he feels extremely sorry for Antonys loss but wants his friend to feel better as soon as possible. However it appears too practically for Antony and he asks Enorbarbus to stop mocking him with, No more light answers. In Act II Scene 1, before the Triumvirs assembl e, the tactful Lepidus attempts to influence Enorbarbus to keep Antony static and calm by entreating your captain. Enorbarbus once again sticks by Antony and uses a simile to tell Lepidus that he prefers his captain to speak his mind and will not have him silenced

Scope Of Relationship Marketing

Scope Of Relationship merchandiseThe process of identifying the products and run required by the customers and implementing the policies in outrank to achieve the needs of the customers and developing the product stupidd on it is known as commercialiseing. It is an compound process by which the industries concentrates in general on the requirement and needs of the customers and hence creates customer descents stronger.Marketing process is implemented in arrangement to recognize the customer, to satisfy the customer and to retain the customer. It is stated that trade management is maven of the important part of championship management as it is related with the activities which are foc utilize on the customers.The development of the marketing was originated because of the mature markets and overcapacities over some past some 2-3 centuries. In order to attain pelf the industries started to mainly concentrate on the customers rather than the production.Marketing concept style understanding the needs of the customers, knowing the requirement and demand of the market and reaching the satisfactions. According to marketing concepts, industries must predict the needs and wants of the customers and should everlastingly try to satisfy it more than their competent.Scope of relationship marketingThe purpose of the relationship management is at its centre if the viewpoint and it besides portrays different methods for researching the relationships which the industries enhance a capacious with the internal communities. The scope and the purpose of relationships management has been identified and stated by various authors including (Christopher, et al., 1991 Doyle, 1995 Kotler, 1992 Morgan and Hunt, 1994 Webster, 1992).The relationships management scope contains six markets internal, supplier, customer, influencer, referral and employee recruitment markets (Christopher, 1991). A previous survey of the six models had placed the customer market at the centre of the relationships marketing. go steady The Six Market ModelLimitationsThe marketing six models produce very detailed information and there are two important fields in which these six models contain limitations. These limitations should be corrected by all the users implementing these models for decision making in an industry.The limitations containThe concentration provided more on the short consideration gross revenue rather than the gigantic term sales.When used for media mix optimization, these models have a clear preconception in favor of time-specific media (such as TV commercials) versus less(prenominal) time-specific media (such as ads appearing in monthly magazines) biases mint also occur when comparing broad-based media versus regionally or demographically tar beat uped media.The mark off products and varieties are effected due to the long term sales failure. The marketing mix models are not confined by the involvement of the marketing spend on its brand variety. One of the reasons for this is the long time period taken by marketing in order to put an impact on the brand variety allow go beyond and continue at the best. The other reason could be the variations in the financial and mixer areas and this reason or variation depart not effect the marketing and the brand variety a lot. In the short term sales the market shares may get worsen day to day but the brand variety leave behind be higher. Hence, this higher brand variety will help the industries to retain the sales and market share.Market classMarketing segmentation is related with the separation of the customers into a single several(prenominal) carrying the similar requirement and needs. For instance, Kelloggs cereals- the frostiest are marketed to the kids and crunchy nut cornflakes to adults. present, both the customers are different and both the products are marketed as per the needs and wants of the customer. Market segmentation is performed for two main reasons. The first reaso n is segmentation permits perfect distribution of the industrys limited resources. An organization contains only limited resources. Hence, it should always select the particular group of customers. Moreover the tastes of the current western customers can be served better.Market segmentation can be further called as s.t.p. that is segment, target and position.Account based marketing systemAccount based marketing (ABM) is also called as key account marketing which is a be after approach to a business marketing where in an industry contacts with every single customer accounts by considering it as single market. This approach is considered as whizz of the best approaches as some companies desire BearingPoint, Progress Software, Xerox and Hp are leading by implementing this approach.StrategiesThe following are the tactics and steps to get hold of a correct strategy for any particular accountsCampaigning Lead generation campaigns can be formed for fixing the appointments in a huge ta rget accounts.Intelligence Marketing role in outlining the target account and contacts within to recognize appropriate schemes.Awareness parleys will play a major role in building a positive insight as the awareness of the supplier is very low in target accounts. sales marketing also plays a role in supporting the sales proposal in order to progress the exchange rates and to reduce the sales cycle.Advocacy The cycle will be finished when the customers turn to advocates and also implements to compel further growth in business.Retaining and Developing Customer RelationshipsIn order to make sure long-term banking customer relationships gimmicks and enticing trinkets are not the best approach just bid in personal courtships and it has learned by Caribbean retail financial institutions. The customers who are not having any long-term inducement to be with their company will be effortlessly lured by competitors product of the week next week and the best performers know this thing very w ell. Hence, the business development remains cost efficient with existing customers than planning to obtain untried customers. Implementing these inventive strategies which is stands on this knowledge stays very much easy for many another(prenominal) industry participants.Task 2New online marketing technologyStructuring and reflecting of social relations and social networks in between the people who share interests and activities is concentrated by a social network service. Social network service chiefly includes a variety of extra services, representation of each other user (often a profile) and his/her social links. Users can interact by using internet like e-mail, instant chatting as many of the social network services are web based.Online community is treated as social networking sometimes and social networking means an individual centre service and online community deals with groups. In social networking land sites users can share ideas, interests and creativity within the ir individual networks.The major type of social networking services are the one which includes group places, ways to connect with friends and a suggestion system linked to trust. The famous procedures unite many of theseas Twitter and Face hold up are used globally. The most common sites used in north America are Linkedin and MySpace in Canada Nexopia is used in Netherlands- Bebo, Hi5 and Hyvesin Germany-StudVZ iWiW is mostly used in Hungary Tuenti in Spain Tagged, XING, Decayenne, Badoo and Skyrock are used in some regions of EuropeHi5 and Orkut in south America and Central America in India Orkut and Face volume Friendster, Mixi, Multiply, Orkut, Wretch, renren and Cyworld in Asia and the Pacific Islands.There are some steps taken for optimizing the services in order to evade the need to some duplicate entries of the friends and interests, although this has created fewer security and privacy concerns. Some largest social networking sites have originated a concept of making the world digital, while others concentrate on different sectors from music and books to non profit business to motherhood in order to provide both services and community to the individuals along with the interests shared among them.Additional featuresFew social networking sites have many added features, which hold skills to make communities that will share the alike(p) interests or connections, downloading live videos, having a discussion through forums or blogs. Internet mapping is opted by geosocial networking in order to categorize user involvement in the geographic characteristics and their elements.Mobile social networking has become most popular and the latest trend. Users having a mobile call back social networking can now be able to create their own profile, involve in the chat rooms, make friends, create chat rooms, can dissipate or share photos and videos and also can share some blogs.Users of mobile phone are provided every option that people who sit with the computer hav e. The radiocommunication services provided by some companies allow the customers in building their own communities for mobiles and also permits them to brand it. But, among many, Face Book is the most popular social networking site through the wireless services. Certain innovative features are provided to the site by some companies which give the real world experience.Linkedin.com is one more professional case in social networking. With this users can exchange their ideas, information, and the knowledge. This helps the professional to be posted with the updated knowledge in the respective fields.Business modelTo get membership few of these social network sites charge the user. This is because the concept of social networking is a parvenue service and the value of it is not yet established nicely. Online advertises are given by the companies like MySpace and the Face book. Therefore they take memberships largely and the charges are given in a counterproductive way. Some companies believe that the core information closely the user provided in the site can easily be targeted with advertises when compared to any other sites. In these social networking sites the members serves for both the roles that is for the suppliers and as the topic consumers. This is affable of supreme operation in these sites. But, in the world of business, the consumers and the suppliers are quite distinct. Gaining revenue is easier in the business with the means of the advertisement. But this is possible while the level of the content and the memberships are quite high.Several application domains use online marketing. They areApplication for the businessApplication for the datesApplication of the governmentApplications on the Medical termsApplications on the educationVarious ways of MarketingMobility marketingIn marketing the mobile marketing can fall in to any of the category. Primarily, the marketing can be described by the mobiles devices such as mobile phone. Secondarily, the m arketing is described as a moving with the trends.The Mobile Marketing Association has updated a definition of the marketing for mobile in the year 2009 asMobile Marketing is a set of practices that enables organizations to communicate and engage with their audience in an synergistic and relevant manner through any mobile device or network.Mobile marketing via MMSMobile marketing through MMS will include the video, audio, text, and the images. Here the content of the mobile is delivered through the MMS. Now, almost all the mobile phones are capable to grade and receive the MMS messages. But the brands can be able to send and receive the messages through the MMS A2P network to its subscribers. In some other networks, brands can also sponsor the messages which are sent person to person.For example The campaign of the Motorola was initiated by the MMS mobile at the House of Blues Venue. Here the users can send the images and photos to mobile in real time.Mobile marketing via Infrared Infrared is one of the oldest mobile marketing. In late 90s, some of the companies based of Europe, have experimented the shopping window marketing through the free waves of Infrared. The range of infrared is limited and did not establish as a leader in the Mobile Marketing.Viral marketingViral marketing is something which will encourage the individuals for passing the messages for marketing to others. This will create the potential to growth exponentially with the exposed messages. Like the virus, these strategies will take much advantage of multiplying rapidly for exploding a single message cashbox thousands. In Internet this is called as Viral Marketing.Guerrilla marketing is invented as an unconventional system of the promotions which depends on time, imagination, and the energy instead of the big market. In the same way, the campaignings for the marketing is also unconventional and interactive. The consumers are targeted in the unexpected places. Its objective is creating the unique, and a sharp concept that provokes the thought. Jay Conrad Levinson has coined this term in the book Guerrilla Marketing. Since thence this term has become most popular.The approaches such as the encounters in the public places, the products being sold in the streets, the stunts, any marketing that gives more results from minimal resources etc, are involved in the Guerrilla Marketing. The digital technology is being used by the mobile as one more approach to the guerrilla marketing. This will help them to create more customers and have a good brand.As the base of the guerrilla marketing Levinson identified few principles. they are as followsThis is mainly to serve the business and the entrepreneur that are smallInstead of the experience, judgments, and the work done by guessing it should involve the humans.Investing time, imagination, and the energy are the simple issues rather than moneyThe profit ratio is the primary issue to measure the business and not the salesAlso conc entrate on the number of new relations made per monthInstead of diverting the focus concentrate on creating a standard.Concentrate on more referrals and transactions, instead of trying to get more number of customersCooperate more on the business instead of the competitionThese marketers have to use the combination of the methods in the marketing for the campaign configuration the business by making use of the technologies that are more updatedAim the messages to the smaller group of the audiences instead of the larger groupsFocus more on an individual to gain their consent. This will let them send more messagesSocial media marketingIn the organization of the communications plan, Social Media Marketing is the recent competent. For connecting with the markets target, integrating the markets communication is the principle. In order to produce the message on which the customer easily focuses, the market communication has to be integrated with the elements likeThe models of the traditio nal marketing like the frequency, content, timing, and the communication medium with the organization is collaborated with the external agent like agencies for advertising, firms for the market researches, and the firms with the public relation. The communication of the organization the impact of the social media has an impact on the kind of communication made by the organization with the customers.Platforms of social media marketingThe social media marketing will benefit the organization and the individual by providing the additional subscriber line for the support of the customer. This becomes a mean for gaining the insight of the customer and the competitiveness and also provides a method to manage the online reputation.The main factors ensuring the relevance for the customer, the value provided to them with the strength of the base where it is built. The foundation that is strong will serve as the platform to centralize the information and for directing the customers with the d evelopments made recently with the help of social media channels, and publications released through press.The polish is for creating a foundation that is strong and will engage the powers of the customers by providing the opportunities to the communication in the organization. Platform is most important due to the reason that the organization will measure and monitor the effects on the customers. Tools offered are more applicable than anything else to achieve the goal set by the customer. ExampleWith the Direct2Dell forum the Dell computers has the strongest blog. This also helps to improve the organization fame and gives a chance to improve the learning chances for the bloggers. Ever since the site is begun, the percentage of the blogs is improved by 22% from 49%. Dell, with the support to their customers by addressing the concerns, comments, and the questions through the blog was achieved.TargetTargets are achieved on the Face Book by getting real with the customers and by the ex posed products that matches the needs of the customers. Target focused more on the benefits by connecting to the customers and in understanding the medium. They have allowed the customers to shape the group and made the curve of learning easier.StarbucksThis Starbucks will be found on the Face Book, Flicker, Twitter etc, and on other blogging sites by the My Starbucks Idea. This has the best strategies for the social media. They have focused more on gaining the customers needs, likes, and the information. This helps them maintain customers in good number. goalThe process of identifying the products and services required by the customers and implementing the policies in order to achieve the needs of the customers and developing the product based on it is known as marketing. It is an incorporated process by which the industries concentrates mainly on the requirement and needs of the customers and hence creates customer relationships stronger.

Negative Effects Of Modern Day Testing | Education

Negative Effects Of Modern Day Testing Education utilize standardized tests to evaluate students and memoriseers has been an extreme mistake of the educational system. The seemingly flawless imagination that high test rack up show effective teaching and competent students has failed to be accurate. According to Alfie Kohn in The Case Against similar Testing standardized tests cant measure initiative, creativity, imagination, conceptual thinking, curiosity, effort, irony, judgment, commitment, nuance, good ordain, ethical reflection, or a legions of separate valuable dispositions and attri scarcees. Students memorize more than they learn and retain and do not learn the same and even teachers kick in been caught beguiler to keep their jobs. some benefactors even use standardized tests to take advant board of the education system. Standardized tests induct undermined education and the success of many students. While the majority of modern peoples and teachers have accepted standardized tests to be the best method for evaluating students mental ability, the reality is that they fail to exemplify the true ability of individual students and teachers succession as well impacting them negatively.Standardized tests distributed by the state argon spotn as high stakes tests. They are called so because give lessonss with high outcomes can get praise and financial rewards while schools with low outcomes are declared unsatisfactory and may receive sanctions. what is more, students with low stools may be held back in a certain grade. These are a few of the many stakes on the line with standardized tests. It has only been recently that schools have replaced use of standardized tests for academic placement and for determine student contends, with judging students intelligence and holding them back from diplomas (Kohn).Effects Against StudentsTo most, this idea seems fine, but there are many problems with it. Gregory J. Merchant states that the National Asso ciation of civilize Psychologists believes holding students back is cock-a-hoop policy with devastating effects (3). Many cities have failed students for underachieving in standardized tests. In Baltimore, 20,000 students were held back. For the student, being picked out as the leaden one could damage them psychologically. Individual students could get left behind by the peers and friends they value most in their own grade level. Not only will this effect individuals, but large masses of students get held back leading to anxiety about standardized tests. Students in same level grades might be at different levels of their cognitive development, but due to grade levels use of age instead of intelligence level, many of those students are stuck taking tests created for the upper drop dead of the class and leaving them the consequences of biological factors. . While it is good to have students be at their own intelligence level with peers, it would be better to change age level based grades.An increase of failure and retention from grade level to grade level could also lead to an increase of dropout rates due to pressure. In Boston, the dropout rate was increased by 300 percent which was directly attributed to standardized tests (Merchant 3). It has also been examined that tests created for educational purposes were biased on minority comprehension (Myers 334). In other words minorities generally do worse on these tests than many of the dominant white majority. This also causes many of those minorities, to feel unsatisfactory and overall dumber. Being Latino in high school and observing many of my friends, siblings, and relatives who have dropped out, there have been many occasions in which Hispanics believe they could not further their education. My peers also had the mindset that they were to dropout or just enter the workforce immediately after high school.These stakes not only make students further fear tests but make them wonder, as they drift by dint of school, I this going to be on the test? Anxiety, fear, and anger towards standardized tests are overflowing students minds. Attitudes towards test not only manifest themselves in students through cheating and loafing but also inhibit success on tests by plummeting students with anxiety. (Merchant 4). Ten million students in elementary and secondary schools performed below ability on tests because of anxiety (Merchant 4). Merchant explains a possible increase due to the increased emphasis and importance of testing (4). Tests have shown to cause a lot of physical and psychological problems for students. Truancy and stress all make the education system negatively impact students, curiously the young ones.The extent that modern schools make students strive for excellence beyond the busy work of the classroom is pitiful. The most any student needs to know is an equation and numbers to plug in, but there is no actual knowledge of the actual equation used. Now, all that matter is what i s going to be on the test. What does mx + b mean when all you do is plug in numbers accordingly. In my experience with school I have never in truth needed to know and understand material fully to achieve a good grade even though I have strived to do so. Furthermore I have only had to think exactly in a handful of situations. There has been A statistical association between high scores on standardized tests and relatively shallow thinking (Kohn). Although many creative thinkers also score well on tests and many shallow thinkers sometimes score high, the bases that someone can do well on a test by merely copying down answers, guessing a lot, and skipping the hard split creates an extreme gap in accurate measurements of students knowledge (Kohn). Many students understand little of the subject or methods being used. While individually effective teachers do help, it is still incredibly difficult to achieve proper measurements in a contemporary day classroom revolve arounding on state tests and other agendas.Tests are now used as a measuring stick for students and teachers achievement but the scores do not properly reflect the quality of academia. To commence with, tests are a comparison of one person relative to the rest of the population of students. This in turn makes it incredibly difficult to set up a test according to the knowledge that should be established at each level. One reason for that being that not everyone at the same age is at the same level. Potential is not measured by where someone is but where they can go. Another negative effect of this idea is that if a state with 140,000 students blush wine the standard cutoff score for a certain grade to be five more percentiles, 7,000 students would not pass to the next level or be con grimacered average (Merchant 2).For these reasons, students also do not learn what they should learn or gain actual intelligence. Gregory states that basic items that students should master do not show up on tests, and due to limits of time, any certain questions striving to measure knowledge may be too few to have reliable measurements of specific dexterity (Merchant 3). Gregory even goes on to say that a few good guesses or skipped answers may determine the skill level of students. Standardized tests then show their limitations in assessing real student growth (3).Effects on TeachersFor the eighteen years I have been in school striving toward academic achievement and tally big numbers on standardized tests, the focus has been cognitive development, understanding through fancy. Although this is not painful, the ways schools have gone about it is terribly wrong. School, through my experience, has consisted of countless hours of sitting in a room looking up at what teachers were saying. This method, while working for some students, has failed to truly challenge students mentally as well as not significantly teach others. One of the main reasons for these, frankly, boring classes is standardized tests. These functions will ultimately hurt the students.Do teachers try to teach a well-rounded student or a good test taker? Effects of standardized tests are easily found in the classroom. It is also thought that good scores reflect the teachers effectiveness. Waiting time on preparing for tests rather than learning other material is a serious factor. Teachers worried about bad tests scores spend an incredible amount of time teaching students how to take tests instead of teaching learning skills and knowledge (Merchant 4). Teachers begin to focus on materials students need on the tests. The curriculum then starts to be narrowed down. Gregory states that teachers even stop focusing on creative learning, such as projects, to reinstate lecture methods (4). The bad part of this is bad teachers focused on tests could get passed off as good teachers when in fact they are not. Schools cut out music, art, and social studies to focus on reading and math for tests and teach them according ly to do well on tests, which in turn cuts a major opportunity of learning for students. point the ACT science test focusses on students ability to read rather than knowledge of science. These methods do not just hurt students by neglecting countless areas of take apart but also by subjecting them as equal learners.The theory of Multiple Intelligence tells us that different people think and understand differently. Howard Gardner a well-known(a) psychologist expresses intelligence in eight different packages, one being bodily-kinesthetic which requires movement unlike that of a classroom. Another psychologist, Robert Sternberg, proposed three intelligences. Sternberg called one of these intelligences analytical intelligence which expresses what would be known as intelligence geared for modern school classroom (Myers 330 333).One of the possibly worst outcomes of this new found method is the cheating by teachers throughout the states. Because many states now use tests to measure t eachers too, teachers begin to cheat to keep their jobs as well as get better funding. While this idea is not very prevalent there have been a few cases amongst cheating teachers. After asking teachers in two school districts how prevalent they tangle cheating on standardized tests was, they responded with multiple cases of belief of cheating as well as witnessing cheating. (Brian 2-3). Jacob Brian in Rotten Apples also goes on to reveal cheating cases in four separate states (2)It is also seen that teachers and many people have found methods for taking tests. In effect, teachers begin to teach these methods in place of critical thinking and real knowledge. Pointing to the conclusion that students, again, do not learn important subjects but methods they might not even understand. Another problem with the teacher side of standardized testing is the parallels needed to be held with state curriculums. One teacher using the methods for student success on tests might look more favored than the ones who teach effectively but not geared for tests.A Possible Politics AnglePolitics has also affected the use of standardized tests in the class room. Not for the good cause of not leaving a child behind, but to manipulate schools accordingly. Recently, tests have been overthrowing the education seen but only in the United States. Few countries today give these formal examinations to students before the age of sixteen or so, (Kohn). For the most part the intent of standardized enthusiasts is to raise school standards. There might be some other unseen agenda too though. Some ideas as proposed by Alfie Kohn state that some people guess to use standardized tests to form negative perceptions of public schools in hopes of privatizing education.While schools are still dominated by standardized tests the outcome is looking bright. Hundreds of schools have begun to drop tests like the ACT and SAT from their admissions forms (Kohn). It is seen that standardized tests bring forth more negative effects than they do good. Albeit proponents of standardized tests express concern for incentives to learn, and inhibiting straight-out students from bringing down their peers, using standardized tests produce false measurements and negative effects. .

Antidepressant Drugs: Types, Effects and Developments

antidepressant drug Drugs Types, Effects and DevelopmentsIntroductionDepression is one of the parts of mental disorder which is affecting millions of people worldwide. 6 The logical analytic approach utilize in clinical and forensic toxicology for the identification of one or more Antidepressant Drugs as a cause of intoxication is bombasticly based on both simple and fast screening methods which cover their extraction and identification including detection of their possible metabolites is been tried to reviewed.Antidepressant Types FunctionsAntidepressant drugs cover many varieties of drugs having divergent modes of actions akin 16 etc.Adverse effectuateAntidepressants are supposed to increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children accompanying another(prenominal) disorders like depressive and psychiatric disorders. 17 18 19 The European Medicines Agency showed warning on the use of Antidepressants which might be increased the risk of suicidal behavior in chil dren and adolescents. 31 TCAs and MAOIs can find similar kind of side effects like Tachycardia, blurred vision, urinary retention, cardiovascular effects , hypotension, respiratory depression, coma etc. 4 Thus, these drugs may be liable for the fate and intoxication and can produce severe effects. Also their growing rate all over the world may show threatening effects which is the matter of global concern. Thus, its increasing prescription rate and adverse effects resulting in a growing interest for determination methods in the Clinical and forensic field.Biological Samples use for the Screening of Antidepressant DrugsBiological consumes are the basic requirement of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology as it solve several related questions which substantiate basis of judgement, consultation and expertise for the above two fields. The matrices generally encountered for psycho digest are urine 34, hair, nails, vitrous humour etc.The most big biosample used for analytic purposes i s Blood. It is a liquid connective tissue of the body composed of assorted kinds of blood cells suspended in a fluid called plasma. Blood (plasma, serum) is one of the top hat choices for quantitative and qualitative measurements of drugs of interest because pharmacological or toxicological effects correlate more effectively with their concentrations in blood. 42Another important biological sample is Urine which is a widely used specimen employed for screening, identification and testing of unknown drugs, forms in high amount, readily available, easy to collect and contains much(prenominal) useful information about the major metabolic functions of the body. 43Taking Forensic concept in postmortem cases if the positive finding of drug occurs in urine shows that the detected substance or its parent compound might be present in the body some time before death 48A next alternative to the blood and urine specimen found is Oral fluid for their applications in cure and toxicological dr ug monitoring 54When analytical studies find concern with long duration of exposure to the detection window Hair could be as a best biological matrix for the identification and depth psychology of drugs. It is supposed that drugs or chemicals enter in to hair by passive diffusion from blood capillaries into growing cells and the mechanisms of substance incorporation, analytical methods, result interpretation and hard-nosed applications of hair analysis has been healthy reviewed showing practical utility of hair analysis. 62Except from all the above habituated matrices one very precise and rarely encountered biological sample is Vitreous Humor. Its a fluid found between the lens and retina of the eye proved to be the best choice for analytical examinations as it is relatively well isolated and protected from putrefaction. Two different fatality cases were reported where the extraction of drugs is done from Vitreous humor. One case has been reported of citalopram fatality where th e extraction of drug is done from Vitreous humor yeilding concentration of citalopram (SSRI) less than 0.04mg/L and in second case venlafaxine fatality is reported where postmortem analysis revealed the concentrations of Fluoxetine (SSRI) and its metabolite Norfluoxetine as 5.2 mg/l and 2.2mg/l respectively. 64Other than these specimens, body tissues like liver 71, cerebrospinal fluid etc. canalso encounter for toxic and therapeutic drug monitoring biological matrices.Techniques for Sample PreparationSeveral methods leave been published for the determination of one or more antidepressants in biological fluids for therapeutic monitoring or for toxicological purposes. For making biological samples suitable for analytical purposes some treatments should be given to overcome the matrix effects such that the other materials should not interfere with the analytical separation that is the extractability of the analytes in the sample inturn the results of the analysis. 96 These kinds of te chniques are rapidly gaining acceptance in bioanalytical applications to reduce both time and labor mandatory to produce bioanalytical results. Thus we can say that these methods give a high selectivity and sensitivity over a wide dynamic range and contribute in formulating very fine detection techniques.Some Commonly Prescribed New Generation Antidepressant Drugs and their MetabolitesSeveral new antidepressants that inhibit the Serotonin (SERT) and Norepinephrine transporters (NET) have been consistently use for therapeutic purposes. 108 are showing below.Sertraline is an effective and highly utilized SSRIs group of drug and its principle metabolite is desmethylsertraline. 41Another SSRIs group of Antidepressant drug, Fluoxetine has been used worldwide in the therapy of major depression. (3) It is primarily metabolized via N-demethylation by the 117Citalopram is a selective and potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor. 78Another very important group of Antidepressant drug is SNRIs which includes drugs like Venlafaxine which inhibits serotonin, noradrenaline, and to a lesser extent dopamine reuptake. 39In the majority of published analytical methods for determination of Antidepressant drugs, assail chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, in combination to different kinds of colums operating under different separation conditions, mobile phases and detectors has been used. These were tried to review in the table given below. With high-performance liquid chromatography the analysis is done by utilise different kinds of detectors like Fluorescence detector, UV detector, Mass detectors etc. For ex. a high-performance liquid chromatographical method is described for the determination of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) in human plasma where Fluorescence detector was used. 140 A survey of most recent multiresidue analytical methods developed for the determination of different kinds of Antidepressant drugs in different types of b iological test matrices with their specific cleanup procedures including the choice of mobile phase, stationary phase, detector corpse and validation data is summarized in the tabular form below.TABLEAbbreviationsAPCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation, ESI eletrospray ionisation, LLE liquid-liquid extraction, LOD limitation of detection, LOQ limit of quantification, SIM single ion monitoring, SPE solid-phase extraction, SRM selected reaction monitoring , ESI electron spray ionization, UV ultraviolet, FD fluorescence detector, LC_TMS liquid chromatography tandom mass spectrometry, LC_MS, GC_MS gas chromatography mass spectrometry, RP-HPLC reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography.Thus, this table is framed for the comparative engage of the major analytical approaches used in the detection and identification of Antidepressant Drugs and their metabolites in different biological matrices in order to develop the new methods with the heraldic bearing to increase the s ample throughput and to improve the quality of analytical methods. Thus, analytical methods for the detection of ADs and their metabolites in biological matrices are of interest in the field of forensic toxicology which involves the analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens and interpretation of the results to be applied in a court of law. Several analytical methods have been developed for analysis of these antidepressants in biological matrices. These methods provide a good precision and accuracy over the entire analytical range and allowing the development of very rapid and efficient analytical methods by using newer kind of analytical techniques.ConclusionAs the subject of Antidepressants toxicity is evolving, newer methods for their analysis are also evolving. However, some classes of Antidepressants drugs are less toxic and well tolerated but can lead to Toxic or Fatal Drug interaction. The research in this field is very active and results in a large number of paper s published every year. Therefore they may be encountered in many Clinical and Forensic cases. Therefore, this review is mainly aimed to target current analytical and instrumental methods used for detection and characterization of Antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological test matrices in turn focus on their toxic as well as therapeutic aspects which would be definitely prove to be helpful in future research and still there is lots of endure required in this area as its prescription rate and toxicity is evolving day by day all over the world and by using non-destructive and sophisticated newer instrumental techniques we can also built a new strategy of examination and investigation for the drugs of interest. However, in this study, a decision about whether a studys findings are positive or negative cannot always be based strictly on the primary outcome measure. Future trials should also consider, using different kinds of detecting techniques and methods which would allow for easier comparison and interpretation of results across studies as the subject is of global concern and despite the success of such methods there is a continuing need for sustained innovations. Thus, future work in this area will definitely prove to be a promising from both clinical as well as from forensic prospect.

Maintaining Marine Reef Aquarium Essay -- essays papers

Maintaining Marine Reef AquariumImportant Aspects in Maintaining a Marine Reef AquariumThere is something fascinating and reposeful in having an aquarium in a home. Like a fireplaces warm glow and bright colors, the colors that are emitted from an aquarium move be just as warm and still more colorful. From the slow and graceful movement of the fish to the frantic feeding frenzy, an aquarium is different separately time it is viewed. Although a fresh piss tank can be full or color, it does not come close to the fiery colors that are break in a shipboard soldier aquarium. Unfortunately, all the color and life that a marine aquarium holds is much more fragile and not as hands-down to keep as a freshwater tank. Therefore, the marine aquarium requires a plethora of devices working together and at optimum levels to maintain a roaring tank. Items like protein skimmers, ultraviolet filters, sump filters, reverse osmosis units, and even wave-makers are just a few of the devices that are required to properly maintain a marine aquarium. With the exception to a properly constructed tank, nothing is as important to the marine aquarium as the water within the tank and the lighting given its inhabitants. Since water is the medium that the aquarium inhabitants must live in, it is the most vital component in any tank. The quality of the water used go away directly event how successful the aquarium is. The chemical balance of the water must be watched closely. If the salt content varies too much, or offensive chemicals build up, the water will kill the inhabitants of the tank. Since fresh pure sea water is not readily accessible, the easiest water source for the majority of hobbyists is the faucet. However, the tap water that comes from the local water intercession plants may be safe for human consumption but is most likely toxic to marine life. Water treatment plants remove most of the harmful chemicals, but the water delivered is anything but pure. Often this tap water contains high levels of phosphates and nitrates that can be harmful to aquarium inhabitants. Also, copper may leach from pipes, and it is lethal to marine invertebrates (Goldstein 8). This leaves very few options for water to the hobbyist. One of the last, and probably the best option for obtaining a pure water source is by using reverse osmosis water.Reverse osmosis is a process of filtering ... ...k monitoring water conditions and lighting quickly becomes only a minor chore as the aquarium begins to regulate itself. Considering the fare of work and money a fireplace requires, the aquarium is a much easier and cheaper centerpiece that can be added to any room. It becomes a landscaping of art that even the best painters have difficulty capturing, and can be enjoyed by everyone. Works CitedDakin, Nick, The Marine Aquarium Problem Solver. Blaksburg, VA Tetra Press, 1998.Friese, U. Erich. Keeping a Reef Aquarium. Neptune, NJYearBOOKS Inc, 1996.Gamble, Sam. informal Energy 5 October 1999.Goldstein, Robert J. Marine Reef Aquarium Handbook. New York Barrons Educational Series, Inc, 1997.Larson, Scott. Personal Interview. 10 September 1999.Madison, Pieter. You Can Succeed with Marines. Tropical fish Hobbyist. August 1999 38-46.Paletta, Mike. Water Changes. SeaScope, Fall 1997, 3. Reefkeepers FAQ. 18 September 1999. Shimek, Ronald L. So, You Want to Join the Marines. Aquarium USA, 1999 61-75.Tullock, John H. Natural Reef Aquariums. Shelborne, VT Microcosm Ltd, 1997.Walker, Matt. Personal Interview. 20 October 1999

Essay on Resolution of Conflict in The Tempest -- Tempest essays

Resolution of Conflict in The Tempest The Tempest, like any text, is a product of its context. It is constructed in relation to moral or honorable concerns of 17th century European Jacobean society. The resolution of fighting appears natural or an inevitable consequence if regarded in relation to the concerns of its context. The resolution of conflict in this vivify incorporates Prospero being returned to his rightful or natural position as Duke of Milan, his daughter Miranda getting married to Ferdinand, and the party returning to Milan leaving the island to the monster, Caliban. The resolution is a consequence of the concerns of the time, including the thinker of the divine right of kings, urbane love, and colonisation. Conflict between the two brothers, Prospero and Antonio, for the powerful position of Duke is resolved when Prospero is crowned this is presented as natural through the thinker of the divine right of kings. In Jacobean society, the religious belief was that the King (James I at the time of this play) was divinely willed to have this position, and that there was a connection between God and the King. Shakespeare mimics this idea by often relating Prospero to God throughout The Tempest, with stage directions such as Prospero on top, invisible which positions him close to God and by his power to manipulate and control the lives of others mine enemies are a... ... conflict. The resolution of conflict in The Tempest is thus naturalised and constructed as an inevitable consequence through the use of moral and ethical concerns in the play, including the divine right of kings, the great chain of being, courtly love, colonising discourse and expanding territory. The Tempest thus incorporates concerns of the Jacobean 17th century context, used to naturalise the resolution. Bibliography Shakespeare, W. The Tempest. Ed. Sutherland, J.R. (1990) Tempest & Court Masques By H. C. Sherwood Meller, A., Moon, G.T. Literary Shakespeare (1993) Syd ney Canon Publications Lecture on The Tempest (1988) C. Holmes